By Ahmed Abdelsalam
Millions across India are celebrating Diwali, the Hindu festival of lights, illuminating homes, temples, offices and streets with oil lamps and colourful lights to symbolise the triumph of light over darkness. The festival falls on the darkest night of the Hindu lunar month of Kartik, when the moon is not visible.
Pollution Concerns
Celebrations come amid growing concerns over air pollution, particularly in northern India. In Delhi, the air quality index reached 391 on Friday morning, placing it in the "very poor" category. Mumbai's AQI hit 322 on 24 October before improving to 104. The Supreme Court permitted the manufacture, sale and use of certified "green" firecrackers in Delhi and surrounding areas for a limited period, designed to produce 20-30% less emissions. Critics question their effectiveness and worry conventional firecrackers may still enter from neighbouring states.
Traditional Celebrations
Diwali celebrates the return of Lord Ram to Ayodhya after his victory over Ravan, symbolising the triumph of good over evil. Families clean and decorate homes with flowers, lights and traditional oil lamps called diyas. Colourful rangoli patterns adorn entrances, while markets bustle with shoppers buying festive essentials. The festival brings families together for prayers, elaborate feasts, gift exchanges and traditional sweets.
Multi-Day Observances
Celebrations began on 6 November with Dhanteras, when buying gold, silver or new utensils is considered auspicious. The second day, Chhoti Diwali, features lighting of oil lamps and some firecrackers. The third day is the main celebration, with evening prayers to Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth, followed by festive meals and fireworks. The fourth day varies across India, with some communities marking New Year. The fifth day, Bhai Dooj, celebrates the bond between brothers and sisters.
Other Communities and Global Reach
Sikhs mark Bandi Chhor Divas, commemorating the release of Guru Hargobind from Gwalior Fort in the early 17th century. For Jains, Diwali marks Lord Mahavira's attainment of moksha. Indian communities worldwide celebrate with gatherings and gift exchanges. The festival is also considered auspicious for new purchases; India's stock exchanges will hold a special one-hour Muhurat trading session on 8 November.
